Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone normally produced by the placenta and abnormally by some germ cell tumors. The hCG test measures the amount of this hormone in the blood. Urine tests are also available, but they are more easily influenced by hydration status and time of day, while blood tests are more reliable even at low hCG levels.
During pregnancy, hCG can be detected in blood approximately 11 days after conception. Levels double every 48–72 hours, peak around weeks 8–11, then decrease and stabilize for the remainder of the pregnancy.
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Why is the hCG blood test performed?
It is used to:
- confirm pregnancy
- estimate gestational age
- diagnose abnormal pregnancies (e.g., ectopic pregnancy)
- evaluate a possible miscarriage
- rule out pregnancy before medical procedures such as X-rays
Other indications
Because beta-hCG is also a tumor marker, the test can aid in diagnosing cancers such as uterine, ovarian, breast, or lung cancer, as well as benign conditions like cirrhosis or inflammatory bowel disease.
hCG in men
Elevated hCG in men may indicate testicular cancer or germ cell tumors. Testing is recommended when a testicular mass is detected or when cancer is suspected.
Interpreting results
- Non-pregnant women: < 10 mIU/mL
- Low levels in early pregnancy: possible miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy
- High levels: molar pregnancy or multiple pregnancy
False negatives
Occur if the test is performed too early; repeated testing is required.
False positives
May be caused by medications, antibody interference, laboratory error, or tumors.
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hCG, the Pregnancy Hormone
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