The ovaries produce and release two major sex hormones essential for the development of female sexual characteristics during puberty and for maintaining fertility: estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen plays a key role in breast development, the distribution of fat on the hips, thighs, and breasts, and the maturation of the reproductive organs. Both estrogen and progesterone are necessary to prepare the uterus for menstruation.

For various reasons, the body may produce too little or too much estrogen. Its levels fluctuate throughout the month—higher in the middle of the menstrual cycle and lower during menstruation—and decline irreversibly during menopause. An increase in estrogen levels may also result from contraceptive pills or hormone therapy. Estrogen levels are measured through blood and urine tests.

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High estrogen levels may cause weight gain (especially around the waist, hips, and thighs), menstrual problems, fibrocystic breasts, uterine fibroids, fatigue, bloating, memory issues, and depression. Low estrogen levels—due to menopause or surgical removal of the ovaries—may cause infrequent or absent periods, hot flashes, night sweats, insomnia, dry skin, mood changes, vaginal dryness, and decreased sexual desire.

Although estrogen is considered a female hormone, it is also present in men. Elevated levels can cause gynecomastia (breast tissue enlargement), erectile dysfunction, and infertility. Low levels may lead to excess abdominal fat and reduced libido.

Progesterone, the other essential hormone, helps protect the body against various imbalances in both sexes. In women, progesterone plays a vital role in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryonic development. It regulates the endometrium, is essential for fetal development, and contributes to the stimulation of breast tissue to support lactation.

Progesterone levels are naturally higher during pregnancy, but significant increases may have other causes. Markedly elevated levels can indicate a molar pregnancy (a benign uterine tumor) or a twin pregnancy.

If progesterone is absent or too low, irregular menstrual bleeding may occur. Low progesterone can indicate that the ovary failed to release an egg, as seen in polycystic ovary syndrome. A decrease in progesterone during pregnancy may lead to miscarriage or preterm labor, with symptoms such as abdominal pain, persistent breast tenderness, and pronounced fatigue. For a woman who is not pregnant, low progesterone indicates reduced ovarian function, while high levels may signal ovarian cysts or even an ovarian tumor. Elevated progesterone levels are also associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.

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Progesterone and Estrogen

If you have questions related to progesterone and estrogen or would like recommendations on evaluating and monitoring your newborn during the first days of life, you may request an individual consultation at any time. A thorough assessment helps determine the most suitable monitoring and support plan for your child.

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